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I. 

PAPERS 

RBLATINO TO 

Sroquois anb tijftt Itibiatt Gribtt. 



ieee-i7e3. 



E11 

.noi« 



THE NINE IROQUOIS TRIBES. 1666. 

[Paris Loc.j I.] 

The Iroquois Nation consists of nine tribes, which form two 
divisions ; one of four tribes, and the other of five. 

They call the first division Guey-niotiteshesgue, which means 
the four tribes ; and the second division they call it Ouiche-nioti- 
teshesgue, which means the five tribes. 

The first is that of the Tortoise, which calls itself Atiniathin. 
It is the first, because they pretend, when the Master of Life 
made the Earth, that he placed it on a tortoise ; and when there 
are earthquakes, it is the tortoise that stirs. 

The second tribe is that of the Wolf, and calls itself Enantha- 
yonni, or Cahenhisenhonon, and brother of the Tortoise tribe. 
When there is question of war they deliberate together ; and if 
the affair is of great moment, they communicate it to the other 
tribes to deliberate together thereupon ; so of all the other tribes. 
They assemble in the hut of a war-chief when the question is of 
war, and in the hut of a council-chief when it is for ordinary 
matters of state. 

The third tribe is that of the Bear, which they call Atinion- 

guin. 

The fourth tribe is that of the Beaver, and brother to that of 
the Bear. These four tribes compose the first division, which 
they call Guey-niotiteshesgue. 

SECOND DIVISION. 

The fifth tribe is that of the Deer, which they name Canen- 
deshe. 



D THE IROQUOIS A>'D 

they fix their leg or rather foot, and this stake is closed by ano- 
ther tied together at a man's height. They place a man at each 
side who sleeps near them and who is careful to visit the pri- 
soners from time to time, during the night. 

When they have lost any men on the field of battle they paint 
the men with the legs in the air, and without heads and in the 
same number as they have lost ; and to denote the tribe to which 
they belonged, they paint the animal of the tribe of the deceased 
on its back, the paws in the air, and if it be the chief of the par- 
ty that is dead, the animal is without the head. 

If there be only wounded, they paint a broken gun which how- 
ever is connected with the stock, or even an arrow, and to de- 
note where they have been wounded, they paint the animal of the 
tribe to which the wounded belong with an arrow piercing the 
part in which the wound is located ; and if it be a gunshot they 
make the mark of the ball on the body of a different color. 

If they have sick, and are obliged to carry them, they paint 
litters (boyards) of the same number as the sick, because they 
carry only one on each litter. 

When they are thirty or forty leagues 1 from their village they 
send notice of their approach, and of what has happened them. 
Then every one prepares to receive the prisoners, when there are 
any, ami to torment each as they deem proper. 

Those who are condemned to be burnt are conveyed to the ca- 
bin which has been given them. All the warriors assemble in a 
v ..; cabin and afterwards send for them to make the:n sing, 
dance, and to torment them until they are carried to the stake. 

During this time two or three young men are preparing the 
stake, placing the fuel near and keep their guns loaded. 

When every thing is ready, he is brought and tied to the stake 
and finally burnt. When he is burnt up to the stomach they de- 
tach him, break all his fingers, raise the scalp which was left 
hanging behind by a small tongue of skin to the head. They 
put him to death in these agonies, after which each takes his 
morsel and proceeds to make merry. 

1 Three or four miles— Colden. 














K 







l 



other indian tribes. 7 

Explanation of the first Designs. 

A. This is a person returning from war who has taken a pri- 
soner, killed a man and a woman whose scalps hang from the end 
of a stick that he carries. 

B. The prisoner. 

C. Chichicois (or a gourd), which he holds in the hand. 

D. These are cords attached to his neck, arms and girdle. 

E. This is the scalp of a man, what is joined on one side is 
the scalp-lock. 

F. This is the scalp of a woman ; they paint it with the hair 
thin. 

G. Council of war between the tribe of the Bear and that of 
the Beaver; they are brothers. 

H. A Bear. 

I. A Beaver. 

L. Is a belt which he holds in his paws to avenge the death 
of some one and he is conferring about it with his brother, the 
Beaver. 

K. Council for affairs of state. 

M. The Bear. 

N. The Council fire. 

O. The Tortoise; so of the other tribes, each ranges at its own 
side. 

P. Canoe going to war. 

Q. Paddles. They know hereby how many men there are in 
the canoe, because they place as many paddles as there are men. 
Over these is painted the animal of the tribe to which they belong. 

R. The canoe. 

S. This is a man returning from hunting who has slept two 
nights on the hunting ground and killed three does; for when 
they are bucks, they add their antlers. 

What is on his back, is his bundle. 

T. Deer's head. This is the way they paint them. 

V. This is the manner they mark the time they have been 
hunting. Each mark or rather each bar is a day. 

Y. Fashion of painting the dead; the two first are men and the 



8 THE IROQUOIS AND 

third is a woman who is distinguished only by the waistcloth that 
she has. 

As regards the dead, they inter them with all they have. 
When it is a man they paint red calumets, calumets of peace on 
the Tomb j some times they plant a stake on which they paint 
how often he has been in battle ; how many prisoners he has ta- 
ken ; the post ordinarily is only four or five feet high and much 
embellished. 








J'i: Portrait <> a Savage on ahoard in ■'/<< i 

which fhey ordinarily pain I how open 
To war. how many men hi haslahen 






OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. a 

a. These are the punctures on his body. 

b. This is the way they mark when they have been to war, and 
when there is a bar extending from one mark to the other, it 
signifies that after having been in battle, he did not come back to 
his village and that he returned with other parties whom he met 
or formed. 

c. This arrow, which is broken, denotes that they were wound- 
ed in this expedition. 

d. Thus they denote that the belts which they gave to raise a 
war party and to avenge the death of some one, belong to them 
or to some of the same tribe. 

e. He has gone back to fight without having entered his vil- 
lage. 

f. A man whom he killed on the field of battle who had a bow 
and arrows. 

g. These are two men whom he took prisoners, one of whom 
had a hatchet, and the other a gun in his hand. 

g. g. This is a woman who is designated only by a species of 
waistcloth. 

h. This is the way they distinguish her from the men. 
Such is the mode in which they draw their portraits. 



10 



THE IROQUOIS AND 




A. This is the manner they paint the tribe of the Potatoe and 
not as it is on the other plate. 

b. Is a stick set in the ground to the extremity of which two 
or three pieces of wood are attached, to denote the direction in 
which they went when they are hunting ; and on the nearest tree 
they paint the animal of the tribe to which they belong, with the 
numbers of guns they have ; that is to say if they are three men, 
they paint three guns, if they are more and there are some w r ho 
have a bow and no gun, they put down a bow. 

When they return from hunting and are near the village they 
do the same thing and add the number of beasts they have killed 
— that is to say, they paint the Deer, and the Stag from the head 
to the neck; if some are male they add antlers ; they paint the 
other animals entire ; if they are some days at the chase they mark 
the number as you see on the other plate. 

c. Club which they use to break the skull when they are at 
war. 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 



11 




Stake to tie the prisoners. They place his leg between these 
two posts in the hollow of the larger — that is the two posts catch 
the leg above the ankle, and Ibey afterwards join one to the other 
and tie them at a man's height — some times higher, so that it is 
impossible to withdraw the foot without untying the cords. 



OBSERVATIONS OF WENTWORTH GREENHALGH, 

IN A JOURNEY FROM ALBANY TO Y e INDIANS, WESTWARD ; BEGUN 
MAY 20 th , 1677, AND ENDED JULY Y e 14 FOLLOWING. 

[Lond. Doc. III.] 

The Maquaes have four townes, vizt. Cahaniaga, Canagora, 
Canajorha, Tionondogue, besides one small village about 110 
miles from Albany. 

Cahaniaga is double stockadoed round ; has four forts, [ports?] 
about four foot wide a piece, eonteyns about 24 houses, and is 
situate upon the edge of an hill, about a b'owshott from the river 



Canagora is only singly stockadoed ; has four ports like the 
former, eonteyns about 16 houses ; itt is situated upon a fflatt, a 
stone's throw from y e water side. 

Canajorha is also singly stockadoed, and the like man 1 " of ports 
and quantity of houses as Canagora ; the like situacon ; orily 
about two miles distant from the water. 



12 THE IROQUOIS AND 

Tionondogue is double stockadoed around, has four ports, four 
foot wide a piece, contains ab* 30 houses ; is scituated on a hill a 
bow shott from y e River. 

The small village is without ffence, and conteyns about ten 
houses ; lyes close by the river side, on the north side, as do all 
the former. 

The Maquaes pass in all for about 300 fighting men. 

Their Corn grows close by the River side. 

Of the Situacon of the Oneydas and Onondagoes and their 
Strength. 

The Onyades have but one town, which lys about 130 miles 
westward of the Maques. Itt is situate about 20 miles from a 
small river which comes out of the hills to the southward, and 
runs into lake Teshiroque, and about 30 miles distant from the 
Maquaes river, which lyes to the northward ; the town is newly 
settled, double stockadoed, but little cleared ground, so thatt they 
are forced to send to the Onondagoes to buy corne ; The towne 
consists of about 100 houses. They are said to have about 200 
fighting men, Their Corne grows round about the towne. 

The Onondagoes have butt one towne, butt itt is very large ; 
consisting of about 140 houses, nott fenced ; is situate upon a 
hill thatt is very large, the banke on each side extending itself att 
least two miles, all cleared land, whereon the corne is planted. 
They have likewise a small village about two miles beyond thatt, 
consisting of about 24 houses. They ly to the southward of y e 
west, about 36 miles from the Onyades. They plant aboundance 
of Corne, which they sell to the Onyades. The Onondagos are 
said to be about 350 fighting men. They ly about 15 miles from 
Tshiroqui. 

Of the Caiougos and Senecques, their Situacon and Strength, Sfc. 
The Caiougos have three townes about a mile distant from 
each other ; they are not stockadoed. They do in all consist of 
about 100 houses; they ly about 60 miles to the southward of y e 
Onondagos ; they intend the next spring to build all their houses 
together and stockade them ; they have abundance of Corne ; they 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 13 

ly within two or three miles of the lake Tichero. They pass for 
about 300 fighting men. 

The Senecques have four townes, vizt. Canagora, Tiotohatton, 
Canoenada and Keint-he. Canagora and Tiotohatton lye within 
30 miles of y e Lake ffrontenacque, and y e other two ly about four 
or five miles apiece to y e Southward of those. They have abun- 
dance of Corne. None of their towns are stockadoed. 

Canagorah lyes on the top of a great hillj and in that, as well 
as in the bignesse, much like Onondago, contayning 150 houses, 
northwestward of Caiougo 72 miles. Here y e Indyans were very 
desirous to see us ride our horses, w ch wee did : they made great 
feasts and dancing, and invited us y l when all y e maides were to- 
gether, both wee and our Indyans might choose such as lyked us 
to ly with. 

Tiotohattan lyes on the brincke or edge of a hill ; has not 
much cleared ground ; is near the river Tiotehatton, w cU signifies 
bending. It lyes to Westward of Canagorah about 30 miles, 
containing about 120 houses, being y e largest of all the houses 
wee saw, y e ordinary being 50 @, 60 foot long with 12 @ 13 
fires in one house. They have good store of corne, growing about 
a mile to the Noithward of the towne. 

Being at this place the 17 of June, there came 50 prisoners 
from the Southwest ward. They were of two nations, some where- 
of have few guns; the other none at all One nation is about 
10 days journey from any Christians and trade onely with one 
greatt house, nott farr from the sea, and the other trade only, as 
they say, with a black people. This day of them was burnt two 
women, and a man and a child killed with a stone. Att night 
we heard a great noyse as if y e houses had all fallen, butt itt was 
onely y e Inhabitants driving away y' ghosts of y e murthered. 

The 18 th going to Canagorah, wee overtook y e prisoners ; when 
the soudiers saw us they stopped each his prisoner, and made him 
sing, and cutt off their fingers, and slasht their bodies w th a knife, 
and when they had sung each man confessed how many men in 
his time hee had killed. Thatt day att Canagorah, there were 
most cruelly burnt four men, four women and one boy. The 
cruelty lasted aboutt seven hours. When they were almost dead 



14 



THE IROQUOIS AND 



letting them loose to the mercy of y e boys, and taking the hearts 
of such as were dead to feast on. 

Canoenada lyes about four miles to y e Southward of Canagorah; 
conteynes about 30 houses, well furnished with Corne. 

Keint-he lyes aboutt four or five miles to y e Southward of Tie- 
tehatton ; contayns about 24 houses well furnished with come. 

The Se necques are counted to bee in all aboutt 1000 fighting 



men. 

The French call the 






Maques 


\ / 


Les Anniez 


Onyades 


J 1 


Les Onoyauts 


Onondagos 


/ \ 


Les Montagneurs 


& 

Onondago town 


( By the 1 
S name / 


La Montagne 


Caiougos 


( ° f J 


Les Petuneurs 


Senecques 


\ J 


Les Paisans 


Cangaro 


J f 


St. Jaques 


Tiotehatton 


J 


1 a Conception 



Note. — The above paper will be found also in Chalmers' Poli- 
tical Annals, in which, however, Greenhalgh's name is misspelt. 
That paper differs likewise in other respects from the MS. now 
followed. 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 15 



ENUMERATION OF THE INDIAN TRIBES 

CONNECTED WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA J THE WARRIORS AND 
ARMORIAL BEARINGS OF EACH NATION. 1736. 

[Paris Doc. VIII.] 

The Eskimaux, ) These Nations are be- 

The Micmacs, > low Quebec, and be- 

The Amaleates or rather the Maneus. ) yond my knowledge. 

At Quebec. 
The Hurons. - 1 Village 60 a 70 men bearing arms, 60 

At the River St. John, near the English. 
The Abenakis. - - 1 Village called Panayamsket 

towards the mouth of said river. Warriors. 200 

The Hbenakis at the head of said River. 

1 Village called Narenteh-an. Warriors. - 150 

Becancour. The Abenakis. 1 Village. Warriors. - 60 

The 8benakis. At St. Francis. 1 Village. War. - 180 

including those of Michikoui and those 

who migrate. 

The armorial bearings (Totums) of this 
Nation, which is divided into two sections, 
are the Pigeon (tourtre) and the Bear. 
There are besides some tribes who carry the Par- 
tridge, the Beaver and the Otter. 

At Three Rivers. See Montreal. 
The Algonquins. - fifteen men. - 15 

665 



16 THE IROQUOIS AND 

665 

The Tetes de Boule or Tribes of the Interior. 

These are wandering Savages who have no know- 
ledge either of the order or form of villages, and those 
who evince the least intellect (esprit); they inhabit the 
mountains and the lakes from Three Rivers, in the in- 
terior, to Lake Superior. Their armorial bearings (To- 
tums) are unknown, if they have any. 

Boston and Orange. 
The Loups (Mohegans) who understand the Sabena- 
kis and whom the Sabenakis understand are dispersed 
from Boston to Virginia, which is equal to from Lake 
Champlain to the head of Lake Erie — 300 leagues. 
This nation may be six hundred men, under British 
rule. No person could give me any information of 
their customs. This only by way of remark. 

Montreal. 
Algonquins. They are twenty men settled with the 
Iroquois of the Two Mountains ; this is all 
that remains of a nation the most war- 
like, most polished and the most attached 
to the French. They have for armorial 
bearings an Evergreen Oak (chdne vert.) 20 

At the Lake of the Two Mountains. 
The Nepissingues. A part of this Tribe is incorpo- 
rated with the Iroquois. The remainder 
has its village at the lake of the same 
name. There are here fifty men bearing 
arms. ._.._- 50 

The armorial bearings of this Nation are the Heron 
for the Achagu'e, or Heron tribe ; the Beaver for the 
Amekoves; the Birch for the Bark tribe (lafamille de 
VEcorce); Blood for the Miskouaha or the Bloody 

people. 

735 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 17 

735 

Remark, Sir, if you please, that besides the bearings 
of the principal stocks to which I exclusively confine 
myself, leisure not permitting me to obtain thorough 
details, each tribe distinguishes itself by peculiar de- 
vices. The Iroquois who are masters of this village, 
amount to no more than sixty-three— I mean warriors. 60 

At Sault Si. Louis. 
The Iroquois, who compose exclusively the village are 
nearly three hundred and three bearing 
arms. ______ 300 

These two villages proceeding from the Iroquois of 
Lake Ontario, or Frontenac, have the same armorial 
devices. Three principal tribes carry the Wolf, the 
Bear and the Tortoise. 

Note. — Argent, to the Wolf gules, &c. 

They usually ornament them merely with charcoal. 

The Great River of the Outawas. 
At Lake Nepissingue there is one small village of thir- 
ty men, who bear a Squirrel, Atchitarrvs. 30 

River and Lake Themiscaming. 
The Tabittibis are one hundred warriors. - - 100 

They have for device an Eagle. 
At the mouth of the Themiscaming there 
are twenty warriors. - 20 

At the head of the Lake twenty domiciled. 20 

These savages are what are called Tetes de Boule, 
who amount to over six hundred in the Northern coun- 
try. ---_-_--- 600 

I shall speak of them hereafter without reference to 
their numbers. 

At Missilimakinak 

The Outawas of this village amount to one hundred and 

eighty warriors; the two principal branches 

1865 



18 THE IROQUOIS AND 

1865 
are Kiskakous (1) and Sinago (2) ; the 
Bear (1) and Black Squirrel (2). - - 180 

River Missisague. 
The Missisagues on the river number thirty men, and 
twenty men on the Island called Manitoua- 
tim of Lake Huron. - 50 

And have for device, a Crane. 

Lake Superior — At the Mouth. 

At Sault St. Mary are the Sauteurs, to the number of 
thirty; they are in two divisions, and have 
for devices, the Crane and the Vine, {la 
Barbue.) ------ 30 

North of this Lake is Michipicoton. 

The Papinakois and those of the interior; the first are 
twenty warriors, and have for device, a 
Hare. - 20 

River Ounepigon. 

The Oskemanettigons are domiciled there to the num- 
ber of forty warriors. - 40 
They have for device, the bird called the 
Fisher. 

The Monsonies, who are migratory, estimate them- 
selves two hundred men, and have for de- 
vice, the Moose. ----- 200 

The Abettibis and the T tes de Boule come there also. 
Some have informed me that the first have 
for arms the Partridge with the Eagle. I 
have already stated that they are in all one 
hundred warriors. 

The Nameailinis have one hundred and fifty fit to bear 

arms. They have for device, a Sturgeon. 150 

The tribes of the Savannas, one hundred and forty 
warriors strong, have for armorial device, 
a Hare. 140 

2675 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 19 

2675 

Gamancttigoya. 

The Ouace are in number sixty men, and have for de- 
vice a Vine, [une Barbue). - - 60 

Tecamamiouen, or Bainy Lake — {Lac de la Pluie.) 
These savages are the same as those who come to Ne- 
pigon. They are about this lake to the 
number of one hundred men. - - 100 

Lake of the Woods — {Lac des Bois.) 

The Cristinaux are scattered hereabout, to the number 
of two hundred warriors. They have for 
device the Bustard, {POutarde.) - - 200 

Lake Ounepigon. 
The Cristinaux are around this lake to the number of 

sixty men. - 60 

Assenipoels. See Scioux. 

South of Lake Superior. 

Kionanan. In this quarter there are domiciled forty 
Sauteurs, who have for device the Crane 
and the Stag. ----- 40 

The Sauteurs of Point Chagouamigon are one hundred 

and fifty warriors, ----- 150 

The Scioux are at the head of this lake in the woods 
and along the lakes. Though scattered 
they are computed at three hundred men, - 300 

The Scioux of the Prairies are, in the opinion of voya- 

geurs, over two thousand men, - - 2000 

Their armorial devices are the Buffalo, 
the Black Dog, and the Otter. 

The Assenipoels, or Pouans according to others, can vie 

with the Scioux, from whom they formerly 

sprung. They number one hundred and 

fifty to the south of Lake Ounepigon, and 150 

have for device, a Big; Stone or a Rock-. 

' * 5735 



20 THE IROQUOIS AND 



5735 



The Puans have withdrawn, since 172S, to the Scioux, 
to the number of eighty ; they have for 
armorial bearings, the Stag, the Polecat 
(Pichcux), the Tiger, - 80 

The head of Lake Superior. 
The AyoSois are settled at the south of the River de 
Missouris, at the other side of the Missis- 
sippi. They are no more than eighty. They 80 
have for device a Fox. 

Lake Michigan with its dependancies. 
The Folles Avoines, north of this lake, number one 

hundred and sixty warriors. The most con- 160 

siderable tribes have for device, the Large 
tailed Bear, the Stag, a Kiliou — that is a 
species of Eagle (the most beautiful bird of 
this country,) — perched on a cross. 
In explanation of a cross forming the armorial bear- 
ings of the savages, it is stated that formerly a Chief of 
the Folles Avoines finding himself dangerously sick, 
consented, after trying the ordinary remedies, to see a 
Missionary, who, cross in hand, prayed to God for his 
recovery, and obtained it from his mercy. In gratitude 
for this benefit, the Chief desired that to his arms should 
be added a Cross on which the Kiliou has ever since 
been always perched. 
Poutesatamis. In 1728 there was a village of this 

name retired on an island to the number of 20 

The Bay. At the head of this Lake is the sojourn, or 
rather the country of the Sakis. This na- 
tion could put under arms one hundred and 
fifty men. Others do not count but one 150 

hundred and twenty. They have for de- 
vice, a Crab, a Wolf, and a She-Bear. 

6205 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 21 

6225 

Fox River. 

Fox ri v'er discharges into this Lake. This nation now 
migratory, consists, when not separated, still of one m 

hundred men bearing arms, - 100 

They have for device, a Fox. 
The Kickapous, formerly their allies, may be eighty 
men. They bear for device the Pheasant 
and the Otter, ----- go 

The Maskoutin has for armorial device the Wolf and 
the Stag. This nation is estimated at sixly 
men, ------- 60 

River St. Joseph, south of Lake Michigan. 

The Potteaatamies, who call themselves the Governor's 
eldest sons, compose the village of St. Jo- 
seph, to the number of one hundred war- . 
riors, ------- 1Q0 

The principal families have for device the 
Golden Carp, the Frog, ihe Crab, the Tor- 
toise. 

There are in the village about ten Miamis 
who bear in their arms, a Crane, - - 10 

Eight Illinois Kaskakias are also included 
whose device is a feather of an arrow, 
t^'v^^^ notched ; ( X ) or two ar- 
rows supported one against the other in sal- 
tier (like a St. Andrew's cross.) 
These are the nations best known to us as well along 
the great river of the Outawas as north and south of 
Lakes Superior and Michigan. I propose now proceed- 
ing again from Montreal by way of the Lakes to Mis- 
silimakinak. 

From Montreal on the Lake route, I spoke of Sault 
St. Louis, on the first sheet. 

6575 



22 THE IROQUOIS AND 



6575 



Toniata. 
Some Iroquois, to the number of eight or ten men have 
retired to this quarter. Their device, is 
without doubt, like that of the village from 
which issue the Deer, the Plover, &c, as 
hereafter, ------ 10 

Lake Ontario, or south of Frontenac. 
There are no more Iroquois settled. 
The Mississagues are dispersed along this lake, some at 
Kente, others at the River Toronto, and 
finally at the head of the Lake, to the num- 
ber of one hundred and fifty in all, and at 

Matchedach, 150 

The principal tribe is that of the Crane. 

North of Lake Ontario. 
The Iroquois are in the interior and in five villages, 
about fifteen leagues from the Lake, on a 
pretty straight line, altho' one days journey 
distant from each other. This nation, 
though much diminished, is still powerful. 

South of Lake Frontenac. 

The Onondagoes number two hundred warriors. The 
device of the village is a Cabin on the top 
of a mountain, - 200 

The Mohawks, towards New-England, not far from 
Orange (Albany) are eighty men, and have 
for device of the village a Battefeu [a 
Steel ] and a flint, - 80 

The Oneidas, their neighbours, number one hundred men 

or a hundred warriors, - 100 

This village has for device a Stone in a 
fork of a tree, or in a tree notched with 
some blows of an axe. 

7115 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 23 

7115 

The Cayugas form a village of one hundred and twenty 

warriors. Their device generally is a very 
large Calumet, - 12C 

The Senecas form two villages in which are three hun- 
dred and fifty men. Their device is a big 
Mountain, - - - - - - 350 

Besides the arms of each village, each 
tribe has its own, and every man has his 
particular mark to designate him. Thus 
the Oneida designates his village by a Stone 
[in] a fork — next he designates his tribe by 
the bird or animal, and finally he denotes 
himself by his punctures. See the designs 
which I had the honor to send you in 1732 
by Father Francois, the Recollet. 

The five villages which belong to the 
same tribe, have for their arms in common, 
the Plover, to which I belong ; l the Bear, 
the Tortoise, the Eel, the Deer, the Beaver, 
the Potatoe, the Falcon, the Lark, and the 
Partridge. 

I doubt not but the other nations are as 
well distinguished, but our voyageurs, hav- 
ing little curiosity in these matters, have not 
been able to give me any information. 
The Tuscarorens have a village of two hundred and 
fifty men near the Onondagoes, who brought 
them along. I know not their hierogly- 
phics, - 250 

The Iroquois have some cabins at the 
Portage, (Niagara, Lake Ontario.) 

7835 



1 M. de Jo.vcaire, the supposed author of this Report, is here thought to be 
alluded to. He was adopted at an early period by the Senecas, among whom he 
bad much influence. 



24 THE IROQUOIS AND 



(835 



200 



Lake Erie and Dependancies, on the South Side. 

The Chaouanons towards Carolina, are two hundred 
men. ______ 

The Flatheads, Cherakis, Chicachas, Totiris, are in- 
cluded under the name of Flal heads by the 
Iroquois, who estimate them at over six 
thousand men, in more than thirty villages. 6,000 
They have told me they had for device a 
Vessel, (un Vaisscau.) 

The Ontationoud, that is those who speak the language 
of men; so called by the Iroquois because 
they understand each other — may be fifty 
men. I am ignorant of them. - - 50 

The Miamis have for device the Hind and the Crane. 
These are the two principal tribes. There 
is likewise that of the Bear. They are two 
hundred men, bearing arms. - - 200 

The Ouyattanons, Peanguichias, Petikokias, are the 
same Nation, though in different villages. 
They can place under arms three hundred 
and fifty men. - 350 

The devices of these savages are the Ser- 
pent, the Deer, and the Small Acorn. 

The Illinois, Metchigamias at Fort Chartres, number 

two hundred and fifty men. - - 250 

The Kaskakias, six leagues below, have a village of 

one hundred warriors. - 100 

The Peorias, at the Rock, are fifty men. - 50 

TheKaokias, or Tamarois, can furnish two hundred men, 200 

All those savages comprehended under the name of 

Illinois have, for device, the Crane, the Bear, the 

White Hind, the Fork, the Tortoise. 

River of the Missouris. 
The Missouris. 

The Okams or Kamse, the Sotos, and the Panis. 

15235 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 



25 



15235 



This only as a note, not knowing any thing of these 
Nations except the name. 

Lake Erie. — The Detroit. 
The Hurons at present are two hundred men, bearing 

arms. ______ 

They mark the Tortoise, the Bear and the 

Plover. 
The Pouteouatamis have a village there of one hundred 

and eighty men.* They bear for device 

the Golden Carp, the Frog, the Crab, the 

Tortoise. (See, South of Lake Michigan; 

River St. Joseph.) - 

The Outawas there have two villages, composed one of 

the tribe of Sinagos; the other of Kiska- 

kous, and may count two hundred warriors. 
They have the same devices as those of 

Missilimakinak; that is to say, the Bear 

and Black Squirrel. 

Lake St. Clair, which leads to Lake Huron. 
At the end of the Little Lake St. Clair, there is a small 
village of Mississagues, which numbers 
sixty men. - 

They have the same devices as the Missis- 
sagues of Manitouatin and of Lake Ontario; 
that is to say, a Crane. 

Lake Huron. 

I have spoken before of the Mississagues who are to the 
North of this Lake. 

I do not know, on the South side, but the Outawas, 
who have at Saguinan a village of eighty 
men, and for device the Bear and Squirrel. 

Less, 



* Note in Orig. Instead of 180, only 100 men must be counted. 



200 



180 



200 



60 



80 



15955 
80 

15S75 



26 



THE IROQUOIS AND 



Remark. 

All the Northern Nations have this in common; that a man 
who goes to war denotes himself as much by the device of his 
wife's tribe as by that of his own, and never marries a woman 
who carries a similar device to his. 

If time permitted, you would, Sir, have been better satisfied 
with my researches. 

1 would have written to the Interpreters of the Posts, who 
would have furnished me with more certain information than 
that I could obtain from the Voyageurs whom I questioned. I 
am engaged at the history of the Scioux, which you have asked 
from Monsieur de Linerot. 

Missilimakinak. 



PRESENT STATE OF THE NORTHERN INDIANS 

IN THE DEPART 1 OF SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON BART., COMPREHENDED 
UNDER THE SIX NATIONS AND OTTAWA CONFEDERACIES, ETC., CON- 
TAINING THE NAMES, NUMBERS AND SCITUATION OF EACH NATION, 
WITH REMARKS. NOV. 18, 1763. 

[Lond. Doc. XXXVI.] 



SIX NATION CONFEDERACY. COMPREHENDING THAT OF CANADA, OHIO, &c. 


Names. 


Number 
of men. 


Scituation. 


Remarks. 


Mohocks, .... 


160 
250 


Two villages on the Mo- 
hock river, with a few 
emigrants at Scohare 
about 16 miles from 
Fort Hunter. 


Of the Six Nations the 
Mohawks or Mohocks, 
Onondages and Sene- 
cas are considered as 
the chief and eider 
branches. The Onei- 
das, Cayugas and Tus- 
caroras are younger ; 
the last mentioned 
Nation having many 
years ago retired from 
the South, and were 
admitted into the con- 
federacy with the then 


Two villages, one 25 
miles from Fort Stan- 
wix, the other twelve 
miles west of Oneida 
Lake, with emigrants 
in several places tow- 
ards the Susquehanna 
river. 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 



27 



SIX NATION CONFEDERACY— Continued. 



Names. 



Tuscaroras, 



Onondagas, . . 



Numberl 
of men.\ 



Scituation. 



Cayugas, 



Senecas, 



Oswegachys, 



140 



150 



200 



1050 



Nanticokes, 
Conoys 
Tutecoes 
Saponeys, ettc 



es, ^ 

V 

. ettc.. > 



SO 



200 



Caghnawagas, 



Canassadaga3, 

Arundacks 

Algonkins 






Abenaquis, . 



300 



150 



100 



One village 6 miles from 
the first Oneidas, and 
several others about 
the Susquehanna. 



One large village 6 miles 
from the lake of their 
name (which is the 
place of Congress for 
the confederates) with 
a smaller at some dis- 
tance. 



Remarks 



Five Nations, the On- 
eidas giving them land 
and they now enjoy all 
priviledges with the 
rest. 



One large village near 
the Lake of their name 
with several others 
from thence to the 
Susquehanna. 



Have several villages 
beginning about 50 m 
from Cayuga, and from 
thence to Chenussio, 
the largest about 70 m 
from Niagara, with 
others thence to the 
Ohio. 



Emigrants from the Six 
Nations chiefly Onon- 
dages settled at La Ga- 
leae on the river St. 
Lawrence. 



A people removed from 
the southward, and 
settled on and about 
the Susquehanna on 
lands allotted by the 
Six Nations. 



Of the Senecas, two vil- 
lages are still in our 
interest, vizt. Kanada- 
sero and Kanaderagey, 
the rest have joined 
the Western Nations. 



These are at peace with 
the English. 



These people are imme- 
diately under the di- 
rection of the Six Na- 
tions, and at peace 
with the English. 



INDIANS OF CANADA IN ALLIANCE WITH THE 
SIX NATIONS. 



Emigrants from the Mo- 
hocks, settled at Soult 
St. Louis near Mont- 
real, wi h emigrants 
at Aghquissasne, be- 
low la Galette which 
is the seat of a Mis- 
sion. 



These hree Nations now 
reside together, at the 
Lac du deux Mon- 
tagnesat the mouth of 
the Ottawa river near 
Montreal. 



Their village having 
been burned at St. 
Francis below Mont- 



All these Nations are in 
alliance with the Six 
Nations, and warmly 
attached to (he British 
Interest, as are all the 
other Indians in Cana- 
da. Caghnawaga is the 
seat of a Mission, as is 
the village of Lac du 
deux Montagues. 



These Indians are origi 
nally from New-Eng 
land : if they were all 



2S 



THE IROQUOIS AND 



SIX NATION CONFEDERACY— continued. 



Names, 



Number 
of men 



Scituatinn. 



Remarks. 



real during the war, 
they have since lived 
scattered except a few 



Skaghquanoghronos, 



Hurons, 



40 



40 



Reside at Trois Rivieres, 
they are originally Al- 
gonkins. 



Reside at Loretto near 
Quebec, a very civi- 
lized people. 



collected they would 
amount to more than 
is represented. They 
have likewise a Mis- 
sionary who is a Je- 
suit. 



(There are several oth. 
er Nations to the North- 
ward, who avoid any 
connection with the 
white people: and as 
they have no fixed resi- 
dence, their numbers, 
though considerable, 
cannot be ascertained.) 



INDIANS OF OHIO. 



Shawanese, . . 
Delawares, . . 

Wiandots, ettc. 



300 



600 



200 



Removed to the River) 
Sioto, anil other Bran- 
ches. 



[n several villages on 
and about the Susque- 
hanna, Muskingham, 
e'tc. and thence to 
Lake Erie. 



Some villages in the 
neighborhood of S.in- 
dosky Fort near Lake 
Erie. 



These people are great- 
ly influenced by the 
feenecas, and reside on 
land allotted them by 
the permission of the 
Six Nations. They are 
now at war with the 
English. 



Total 



39(50 



There sre also in the Six Nation Confederacy, 
many Indians, whose numbers cannot be comput- 
ed as they have no fixed residence. 



OTTAWA CONFEDERACY COMPREHENDING THE TWIGHTAYEES, ETTC. 



Names. 


Number 
f men. 

£50 
150 


Scituation. 


Remarks. 


Wyandots or Hurons, 


Reside opposite Detroit, 
their village is »he seat 
of a Jesuit Mission, 
their language bears 
affinity with that of the 
Six Nations. 


This Nation has a great 
influence over the rest, 
and has been greatly 
instigated by the 
neighboring French to 
commit acts of hosti- 
lity. 


Powfewatamts, . . 
in the neighbour- 
hood of Detroit, 


Resided about a mile be- 
low the For!, but aban- 
doned their village on 
the commencement of 
hostilities. 





RD 1.4 8 A\Q 



OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 



29 



OTTAWA CONFEDERACY— continted. 





Number 






Names. 


of men. 


Scituation. 


Remarks. 


In die neighbourhood 


2.)0 


A Utile below the for!. 




of St Joseph. 


3W 






Ottawas, . . . . 


Resided about Detroit, 


With these and theabove 


residing- in the 




but with the former, 


Indians are joined se- 


neighbourhood of 




form a flying camp. 


veral others, who form 


Detroit. 






a flying camp under 
Pondiac, an Ottawa 




250 




Chief. 


In the neighbourhood 


Resided indifferent vil- 


The Ottawas in the 


of Michilimakinac. 




lages, but are now pro- 


neighbourhood of Mi- 






bably with the former. 


chilimakinac are well 






Michilimakinac is the 


attached to us for the 




150 


seat of a Mission. 


most part. 


In the neighbourhood 


Resided at a small dis- 




of Fort St. Joseph, 




tance after the reduc- 
tion of the Fort pro- 






320 


bably joined the rest. 




Chipeweighs or Mis- 


Resided above the De- 


These are the most nu- 


sissagais: in the 




troit, now probably in 


merous of all the Ot- 


neighbourhood of 




arms with the rest. 


tawa Confederacy and 


Detroit. 






have many villages 
about Lakes Superior, 
Huron, Erie, ettc. 


In the neighbourhood 


400 


Had several different vil- 


of Michilimakinac 




lages in that country, 


whose numbers cannot 






and the environs of the 


at present be ascer- 




110 


Lake Huron. 


tained with exactness. 


Meynomenys . . . 


All these nations reside 


These nations are at pre- 


Folsavoins . . . . 


110 


on the west side of la 


sent in alliance with 




360 


Baye at Lake Michi- 


the Ottawa Confedera- 




300 


gan and in the neigh- 


cy,but appear inclined 




320 


borhood of the Fort 


to our interest, nor did 






there. 


they take the fort at 
La Baye, the officer 
abandoning it on the 
news of the rupture as 
he could make no de- 




230 




fence. 




MIAMIS OR T 


WIGHTWEES. 


Twightwees, . . . 


Near tha Fort on the 


The Twightwees were 






Miamis river. 


originally a very pow- 
erful people, who, hav- 






Kickapous . . . . 


180 


These nations reside in 


ing been subdued by 




90 


the neighbourhood of 


the Six Nations were 


Piankashaws . . 


100 


the Fort at Wawiagh- 


permitted to enjoy 


Wawiaghtonos . . 


200 


ta, and about the Wa- 


their possessions. 






lache river. 


There are manv tribes 
and villages of (hem, 
but these are all who 
are perfectly known. 


Ottawas, 


Residing thro' all ihe 


This is the most exact 


Chipeweighs, ettc. . 


4000 


extent of country from 


computation that can 






the Lakes to the Great 


be made of these nu- 






Ottawa River, and abt. 


merous people, who 






Lake Superior, ettc. 


are scattered through- 



30 



THE IROQUOIS AND OTHER INDIAN TRIBES. 



OTTAWA CONFEDERACY— continued. 




Number 






Names. 


of men. 


Scituation. 


Remarks. 








out the Northern Parts 








and who having- few 








places of fixed resi- ' 








dence, subsisting en- 








tirely by hunting, can- 








not be ascertained as 








those of their confede- 








racy, residing near the 


Illinois 






outposts. 
We have hitherto had 


Reside about the Illinois 


number uncertain. 




River and hence to the 


nothing to do with 






Mississippi. 


these people, who are 
numerous and various- 
ly computed. The Six 
Nations claim their 
country,but their right 
of conquest thereto 
does not appear so 
clear as to the rest, as 
represented in the let- 


Sioux 






ter herewith. 
The Sioux who are the 


Reside in the country 


number uncertain. 




westward of 


most numerous of the 
Northern Indians, are 
little known to us,they 






[One line cut off here 


in binding the original.] 






Mississipi, they are 


not appear well aflect- 






much addicted to wan- 


ed to the Western In- 






dering and live mostly 


dians, and promise to 






in camps. 


send Deputies to me in 








the spring. 


8020 



November 18 th , 1763. 



Wm. Johnson 







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